The difference between micro-chipping and macro-chipping relates to the length of lost fragments of cutting tool material along a cutting edge.

There are various quantitative definitions for the limiting length to specify this difference.

For example, ISO 8688 considers chipping with lengths less than 0.3 mm (0.012") as micro-chipping, and lengths from 0.3 mm to 1 mm (0.012" to 0.04") as macro-chipping.

In cutting tools, vein PCD (polycrystalline diamond) is a type of man-made diamond cutting material.

It is created by sintering PCD particles into a carbide substrate through a specific technological process that involves high pressure and high temperature.

As a result, the produced cutting material has a vein-like structure with PCD particles ("veins") embedded within the carbide substrate.

High-speed steel (HSS) offers two important advantages as a cutting material:

• High transverse strength when compared to other cutting materials.
• Good machinability, which simplifies the production of various complex-shaped tools and allows for multiple regrinding.

• Lower hardness in comparison to hard cutting materials such as cemented carbides, cermet, ceramics etc.
• Low red hardness, meaning its hardness diminishes when HSS is heated to approximately 650°C (1200°F).

Ultra-low carbon (ULC) steel is a type of steel with a carbon content usually less than 0.005%.

This steel, which is primarily composed of iron, has the lowest strength but the highest formability compared to other types of steel

Due to its formable nature, ULC steel is also referred to as deep drawing steel (DDS).

Molybdenum-Copper (Mo-Cu) alloys encompass a range of materials where the Molybdenum (Mo) content varies significantly, typically from 15% to over 70%.

These alloys generally have better machinability when compared to pure Molybdenum; however, machinability decreases as the Mo content increases - the higher the Mo content, the more challenging it is to machine.

The general instructions for machining Mo-Cu alloys are outlined below:

• If the Mo content is relatively low (around 15-30%), follow the recommendations for machining Copper alloys, with an appropriate reduction in cutting speed (vc) by 20-30%.
• For higher Mo percentages (over 30%), use tools with cutting geometry suitable for machining low alloy steel. Additionally, the initial cutting speed (vc) should be decreased by approximately 20% to 40% when compared to the recommendations for machining low alloy steel, depending on the Mo content.

In cutting tools, this term primarily refers to the width of a specific surface, such as the face or the flank, or portions thereof.

For example, the "land" often pertains to a small, usually flat area between the cutting edge and the rake face of a tool that reinforces the edge.

Additionally, the land can refer to the width of the clearance (relief) surface. In cutting tools with helical flutes, such as twist drills, end mills, or counterbores, the land typically designates the peripheral width of the area between adjacent flutes, meaning the width of the tool's flank.